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10GEOGRAPHY UNIT -3 COMPONENTS OF AGRICULTUREGEOGRAPHYBOOK EXERCISE
Choose the Correct AnswerI
1. The soil which is rich in iron oxides is _________.
a) Alluvial
b) Black
c) Red
d) Alkaline
Answer: c) Red
2. Which of the following organization has divided the Indian soils into 8 major groups?
a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
b) Indian Meteorological Department
c) Indian Institute of Soil Science
d) Soil Survey of India
Answer: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research
3. The soils formed by the rivers are __________.
a) Red soils
c) Desert soil
b) Black soils
d) Alluvial soils
Answer: d) Alluvial soil
4. __________ dam is the highest gravity in India.
a) Hirakud dam
b) Bhakra Nangal dam
c) Nagarjuna Sagar dam
d) Mettur dam
Answer: b)BhakraNangaldam
5. __________ is a cash crop.
a) Cotton
b) Wheat
c) Rice
d) Maize
Answer: a) Cotton
6. Black soils are also called as __________.
a) Arid soils
c) Regur soils
b) Saline soils
d) Mountain soils
Answer: c) Regur soils
7. The longest dam in the world is __________.
a) Mettur dam
c) Hirakud dam
b) Kosi dam
d) Bhakra-Nangal dam
Answer: c) Hirakud dam
8. The leading producer of rice in India is __________.
a) Punjab
c) Uttar Pradesh
b) Maharashtra
d) West Bengal
Answer: d) West Bengal
9. Which crop is called as ‘Golden Fibre’ in India?
a) Cotton
b) Wheat
c) Jute
d) Tobacco
Answer: c) Jute
10. The state which leads in the production of coffee is __________.
a) West Bengal
b) Karnataka
c)Odisha
d) Punjab
Answer: b) Karnataka
Consider the given statement and choose the correct option from the given below ones
1. Assertion (A):Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits,vegetables,andflowers.
Reason (R) :India ranks first in the world in the project, banana, and citrus fruits.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R)are true: (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
Answer: c) (A) is correct (R) is false
Question 2. Assertion (A) : Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of eroded and decayed materials brought by the rivers.
Reason (R) : Paddy and wheat are grown well in the soil.
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
b) Both (A) and (R)are true and (R) does not explain (A)
c) (A) is correct (R) is false
d) (A) is false (R) is true
Answer: A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
Pick the odd one out
Question 1. a) Wheat b) Rice
c) Millets. d) Coffee
Answer: d) Coffee ( Reason - Cash crop)
Question 2. a) Khadar b) Bhangar c) Alluvial soil. d) Black soil
Answer: b) Black soil (Reason – Suitable for cotton)
Question 3. a) Inundational canals b) Perennial canals c) Tanks d) Canals
Answer: c) Tanks (Reason – water can be
sotres)
Answer briefly
Question 1.Defines oil.
Soil is one of the most important natural resources.
It is the uppermost layer of the land surface.
Usually, it is composed of minerals, organic matter, living organisms, air and water.
It is generally formed by the weathering of rocks under different conditions.
Question 2.name the types of soil found in India
Answer:
. The eight types of soil found in India
*re-Alluvial soil
*Forest and Mountain soil
* black soil
* arid and desert soil
*Red soilSaline and alkaline soil
*late rite soil
*Peaty and marshy soil
Question 3. State any two characteristics of black cotton soil.
Answer :
Black soil is derived from the basalts of Deccan trap.
It is black in colour due to presence of titanium and iron.
Its nature is sticky when wet.
Answer 4. What is Multipurpose project?
Answer:
Itisascientificmanagementofwaterresourcesinourcountry.
The construction of dams across rivers is aimed at many purposes.
It helps in irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose,controlling floods,development of fisheries,navigation,etc.
These types of dams are called Multi-purpose projects.
Queation 5.define articulated.
Answer:
Agriculture is the process of producing food,fodder for cattle,fodder for cat other desired products and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock).
Question 6. State the types of agriculture practices in India?
The types of agriculture practices in India are -Subsistence farming Dry farmingShifting agriculture mixed farming agriculture intensive farming Terrace cultivation
Question 7.name the seasons of agriculture in India?
Answer:
The seasons of agriculture in India are Kharif Season June – September
Rabi Season Zaid Season October – March April - June 8.
Mention the plantation crops of India.
Plantation crops are cultivated for the purpose of exports.
These are cultivated in large estates on hilly slopes.
Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are the major plantation crops of India.
9. What do you mean by livestock? Live stock is commonly defined as domesticate such as goats,buffaloes,sheep, pigs, etc., raised in an agricultural setting to produce labour and commodities such a as meat, egg, milk, fur, leather and wool.
Question 10.write a brief note on the categories of fish?
Marine or Sea fisheries
include coastal offshore and deep sea fisheries mainly on the continental self up to a depth of 200 m. Among the coastal states, Kerala leads in the marine fish production in India.
inland or freshwater fisheries: is practised in rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, ponds,tanks,etc.,AndhraPradesh is the leading freshwater fisheries produce in India.
Give reasons for the following topics
1. Agriculture is the backbone of India. ?
Reasons : Agriculture is the backbone of India because majority of the India’s population are dependent on agriculture, its allied activities and agro-based industries India.
*according to2011 agricultural census of India,an estimated 61.5% of the people are dependent on agriculture.
Question 2. Rain water harvesting is necessary.
Reasons : Rain water harvesting is important because To conquer the deficiency of surface water to meet our demands.
To capture the decline in ground water levels. To improve the accessibility of ground water at particular place and time and use rain water for supportable advancement.
Question 3. Small farms are predominant in India.
Reasons : The farmers are dependent on land, water, inputs, credits, technology and markets. Itisnotpossibleforthefarmerstogettheabovebenefits.
The income of the famers is meagre. They are unable to invest everything on the farms.
So, small farms are predominant in India
Answer in a Paragraph
Question 1. State the types of soil in India and explain the characteristics and distribution of soil.
Answer:
Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It is the uppermost layer of the land surface. It is generally formed by the weathering of rocks under different conditions. The eight types of soils and its characteristics are
Alluvial soils:
It is the sediments deposited by streams and rivers.
The two varieties of Alluvial soils are Khadar and Bhangar. Khadar is light coloured and Bhangar dark in colour.
Its chemical properties are – rich in potash, phosphoric acid and carbon compounds. But, poor in nitrogen.
Sandy, loam, silt and clay are its nature.
The soil is distributed in ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys, plains of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and Bihar.
Black soils:
Black soil is derived from basalts of Deccan trap. It is black in colour due to presence of titanium and iron.
It consists of calcium and magnesium carbonates, iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia. But, poor in nitrogen phosphoric acid and humus.
Its nature is sticky when wet and high degree of moisture retentive.
This type of soil found in Malwa plateau, Kathiawar peninsula, Telangaga and Rayalaseema.
Red Soil:
It is formed due decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses.
Itisrichinmineralssuchasironandmagnesiumanddeficientinnitrogen,humus, phosphoric acid and lime.
Light texture, porous friable presence of limited soluble salts.
Red soil is found in Eastern part of Deccan plateau, southern states of Kerala, Tamilnadu, Kerala and Chota Nagpur Plateau.
Laterite soils:
This soil is formed by the process of leaching.
This soil is composed of hydrated oxides of iron and aluminium.
Its nature is more acidic on higher areas and poor in high level, clay and easily retains moisture.
It is found in Assam hills, hill summits of Kerala and Karnataka and Eastern ghaBarrage
Forest and Mountain soils:
Due to mechanical weathering caused by snow, rain, temperature variation are the reasons for the formation of these soils.
Theyaredeficientinpotash,phosphorus and lime.
Their nature is light, sandy and thin. Their character changes with the parent rocks. Very rich in humus, slow decomposition makes it acidic.
These soils found in the forest belts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Eastern and Western Ghats.
Arid and desert soils:
It contains high percentages of soluble salts, alkaline with varying degree of calcium carbonate and is poor in organic matter.
The soils are light in colour, low humus and friable structure and low in moisture.
These soils are found Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Southern Punjab.
Saline and alkaline soils:
It is formed due to ill drainage. Salts are transferred from subsurface to the top soil by the capillary action.
The soil liberates sodium, magnesium and calcium salts and sulphurous acid. It consists of un decomposed rock and mineral fragments.
The soils are found in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
Peaty and marshy soils:
It is formed in humid regions from the organic matter.
Thesoilisdeficientinpotashandphosphate.Containconsiderableamountof soluble salts.
The soil is found in some parts of Kerala, coastal areas of Odisha and Tamilnadu and Sundarban regions.
Question 2. Write about any two Multipurpose projects of India.
The construction of dams across rivers is aimed at many purposes. It helps in irrigation, hydro power generation, water supply for drinking and industrial purpose, controlling f loods,developmentoffisheries,navigation,etc.these types of dams are called multi purple projects.
i) Bhakra-NangalProject:
The most ambitious project to convert large barren semi-arid region of North West India into lush green fertile agricultural field was hairs an gal.Itwas one of the largest multipurpose Indian projects constructed over the river Sutlej. After construction, Bhakra-Nangal became one of the highest dams in the world. The entire project is divided into two separate divisions. They are-
i) The Bhakra Dam and
ii) The Nangal Barrage
TheBhakraDamhasthecapacitytostoremorethan10,000 million water. This lake is popularly known as Govind Sagar Lake.
Nangal dam is located 13km downstream of Bhakra. The combined length of Bhakra-Nangal Canal exceeds 1000 kms.
Apart from the two main dams storage, this project comprises several hydro projects.
Nearly,almost all of Punjab,large areas of haryana and Rajasthan are be benefited directly by the Bhakra Nangal multipurpose project.
ii) Hirakud Project :
Mahanadi is the lifeline of Orissa. It enters Orissa from the highland of Naraj. This rapid fall from considerable height provoked planners to erect this monumental dam at Hirakud. It is the longest dam in the world and irrigates 1,41,600 sq. km. Its objectives are
Harnessing ample by del power from swift flow water. Control of occasion a of poor and resultant havoc.
Irrigation through canals to large areas of Puri and Cuttack districts.
Improvement of water transport through greater navigability.
Overall economic development of the area by providing employment at the project.
Rapid industrialization of the area through the stable and assured power supply.
3. Bring out the characteristics of Intensive and Plantation farming. Agriculture is the process of producing food for people,fodder for cattle,fibre and many other desired products. A variety of farming practises are followed in India. Intensive farming: Intensive farming is an agricultur alinten suffixation and mechanization system of agriculture.
It aims to maximize yields from available land through various means such as using pesticides and chemical fertilizers. This method is applied to raise in livestock with billions of animals such as cows, pigs and chickens being held indoors. Intensive farming is practiced in Punjab, parts of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India.
Plantation agriculture :
It is a formof commercial farming where crops are grown for profit.
Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall.
Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, bananas and pineapples.
The characteristic features of this type of farming are large estates or plantations, largecapitalinvestment,scientificmethodsofcultivation,singlecropspecialisation, cheap labour and a good system of transportation and markets for the export of the products.
Plantation agriculture is followed in Kerala, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and most of the Eastern States of India.
Question 4. Examine the geographical conditions favourable for the cultivation of rice and wheat.
Answer:
Indian agriculture is largely dominated by the food crops. Among them, rice is the main food crop of South India and wheat is the main crop in North India.
Rice:
Rice is an indigenous crop. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
It is mainly tropical crop, growing mainly with mean temperature of 24° C and annual rainfall of 150 cm.
Deep fertile clayey or loamy soils are suited well for rice cultivation.
It needs abundant supply of cheap labour.
Rice is sown in three ways – Broadcasting, Ploughing or drilling and Transplanting.
Important rice producing India states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Wheat:
Wheat is the second most important food crop of our country next to rice.
It requires 10-15° C at the time of sowing and 20-25° C at the time of ripening of grains.
Wheat is primarily a crop of mid-latitude grasslands and requires a cool climate with moderate rainfall.
Wheat thrives well in areas receiving an annual rainfall of about 75 cm. Annual rainfall of 100 cm is the highest limit of wheat cultivation.
Although wheat can be grown in a variety of soils, well drained fertile, friable loams and clay loams are the best suited soils for wheat cultivation.
It grows well in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and the black soil tract of the Deccan.
Map Work
Question 1. Demarcate the major tracts of alluvial soils.
2. Delineate the main regions of black soil.
3. Locate the Hirakud dam, Mettur dam and Damodar dam.
4. Shade the regions of jute cultivation.
5. Mark any three tea and coffee growing areas.
6. Demarcate the regions of desert soil.
7.Locatethefishinghubs:Tuticorin,Chennai,Cochin,Mumbai,Machilipatnam.
8. Demarcate: Cauvery delta, Godavari delta
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